Passive Voice, Causative Verb and Relative Pronouns

PASSIVE VOICE

Verbs are also said to be either active (The executive committee approved the new policy) or passive (The new policy was approved by the executive committee) in voice. In the active voice, the subject and verb relationship is straightforward: the subject is a be-er or a do-er and the verb moves the sentence along. In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence is neither a do-er or a be-er, but is acted upon by some other agent or by something unnamed (The new policy was approved). Computerized grammar checkers can pick out a passive voice construction from miles away and ask you to revise it to a more active construction. There is nothing inherently wrong with the passive voice, but if you can say the same thing in the active mode, do so (see exceptions below). Your text will have more pizzazz as a result, since passive verb constructions tend to lie about in their pajamas and avoid actual work.

We find an overabundance of the passive voice in sentences created by self-protective business interests, magniloquent educators, and bombastic military writers (who must get weary of this accusation), who use the passive voice to avoid responsibility for actions taken. Thus "Cigarette ads were designed to appeal especially to children" places the burden on the ads — as opposed to "We designed the cigarette ads to appeal especially to children," in which "we" accepts responsibility. At a White House press briefing we might hear that "The President was advised that certain members of Congress were being audited" rather than "The Head of the Internal Revenue service advised the President that her agency was auditing certain members of Congress" because the passive construction avoids responsibility for advising and for auditing. One further caution about the passive voice: we should not mix active and passive constructions in the same sentence: "The executive committee approved the new policy, and the calendar for next year's meetings was revised" should be recast as "The executive committee approved the new policy and revised the calendar for next year's meeting."

Take the quiz (below) as an exercise in recognizing and changing passive verbs.

The passive voice does exist for a reason, however, and its presence is not always to be despised. The passive is particularly useful (even recommended) in two situations:

• When it is more important to draw our attention to the person or thing acted upon: The unidentified victim was apparently struck during the early morning hours.
• When the actor in the situation is not important: The aurora borealis can be observed in the early morning hours.

The passive voice is especially helpful (and even regarded as mandatory) in scientific or technical writing or lab reports, where the actor is not really important but the process or principle being described is of ultimate importance. Instead of writing "I poured 20 cc of acid into the beaker," we would write "Twenty cc of acid is/was poured into the beaker." The passive voice is also useful when describing, say, a mechanical process in which the details of process are much more important than anyone's taking responsibility for the action: "The first coat of primer paint is applied immediately after the acid rinse."

We use the passive voice to good effect in a paragraph in which we wish to shift emphasis from what was the object in a first sentence to what becomes the subject in subsequent sentences.

The executive committee approved an entirely new policy for dealing with academic suspension and withdrawal. The policy had been written by a subcommittee on student behavior. If students withdraw from course work before suspension can take effect, the policy states, a mark of "IW" . . . .

The paragraph is clearly about this new policy so it is appropriate that policy move from being the object in the first sentence to being the subject of the second sentence. The passive voice allows for this transition.†

Passive Verb Formation

The passive forms of a verb are created by combining a form of the "to be verb" with the past participle of the main verb. Other helping verbs are also sometimes present: "The measure could have been killed in committee." The passive can be used, also, in various tenses.

1.      Simple Present Tense
Simple Present Tense is the tense used to express an action oractivity that takes place / happening at the current time in a simpleform, activity or work performed repeatedly, daily habits, events oractions that have nothing to do with time, and to express a generaltruth.

Simple Present Tense use this type of "TO BE 1" and "VERB 1" 

TO BE 1 consisting of: am, is, are (for more information, see the following table)

I	Am
You	Are
They
We
He	Is
She
It

I	Do / Don't
You
They
We
He She It	Does / Doesn't

NOTE: 
DO and DOES use the interrogative sentence. DO NOT (DO NOT) and DOES NOT (DOES NOT) used in negative sentences. 1 TO BE (am, is, are) used as an element of a sentence no verb (NONVERB) 
Formulas and Example Sentence Simple Present Tense 
Expressing Simple Present Tense sentence that uses the verb (VERB)

+	Subject + Verb 1 + Object
-	Subject + DON'T / DOESN'T + Verb 1 + Object
?	DO / DOES + Subject + Verb 1 + Object?
?	Question Word + DO/ DOES + Subject + Verb 1?

Example:

+	I speak English everyday She speaks English everyday
-	I don't speak English She doesn't speak English
?	Do you speak English? Jawaban: Yes I do, atau No, I don't Does she speak English? Jawaban: Yes She does, atau No, She doesn’t
?	Why do you speak English everyday ?

2.      Simple Past Tense
Simple Past Tense is the tense used to express an action or activity thatoccurred in the past and the events of the time it has been known. 

Simple Past Tense using the type of "TO BE 2" and "VERB 2" TO BE 2 consists of: was and were (for more information, see the following table)

I	Was
You	Were
They
We
He	Was
She
It

I	Did / Didn't
You
They
We
He She It

NOTE: 
DID use the interrogative sentence. DID NOT (DID) is used in a negative sentence. TO BE 2 (Was & Were) is used when a sentence no verb element (NONVERB) VERB 2 is only used in positive sentences only. 
Formulas and Example Sentence Simple Past Tense 
Expressing Simple Past Tense sentence that uses the verb (VERB)

+	Subject + Verb 2 + Object
-	Subject + DID NOT (DIDN'T) + Verb 1 + Object
?	DID + Subject + Verb 1 + Object ?
?	Question Word + DID + Subject + Verb 1 ?

Example:

+	He bought a pair of shoes yesterday.
-	He didn't buy a pair of shoes yesterday.
?	Did he buy a pair of shoes yesterday? Jawaban: Yes He did, atau No, He did not (didn't)
?	Why did he buy a pair of shoes yesterday?

3.      Present Progressive Tense
Present Progressive Tense is the tense used to express an action, state orevent that was happening at the time discussed. 

NOTE: On the use of Present Progressive Tense verb used must end with-ing /(Verb + ing). Present Continuous Tense form of time using this type of "TO BE 1".

Formulas and Example Sentence Present Progressive Tense

+	Subject + To be 1 + (Verb + ing) + Object
-	Subject + To be 1 + NOT + (Verb + ing) + Object
?	To be 1  + Subject + (Verb + ing) + Object ?
?	Question Word + To be 1  + Subject + (Verb + ing) + Object ?

Example :

+	We are studying now.
-	We are not (aren't) studying now.
?	Are you studying now? Jawaban: Yes I am, atau I, am not
?	What are you doing? Jawaban: I am studying now Who is studying English? Jawaban: She is studying English

4.      Past Progressive Tense 
Past Progressive Tense is the tense that is used to indicate that two eventsoccur at the same time, but the incident occurred earlier and was still in progress when the second incident occurred. 

NOTE : On the use of Past Progressive Tense verb used must end with-ing / (Verb+ ing). Progressive Tense Past tense using the type of "TO BE 2" (was / were). 

Was to subject: I, she, he, it. Were on the subject: you, they, we. 
Formulas and Examples of Past Progressive Tense

+	Subject + To be 2 + (Verb + ing) + Object
-	Subject + To be 2 + NOT + (Verb + ing) + Object
?	To be 2  + Subject + (Verb + ing) + Object ?
?	Question Word + To be 2  + Subject + (Verb + ing) + Object ?

Example :

+	I was walking down the street when it began to rain. When i was in the park, the sun was shining.
-	It was not raining when i went to the market last night. They were not playing football when you were not at home.
?	Was he studying when I arrived at home? Jawaban: Yes he was, atau he, was not
?	Why were you reading that book? What was she doing with this document when all the staff went home?

5.      Present Perfect Tense 
Present Perfect Tense is the tense used to express an action, state or event that happened in the past. And at the time of speaking activities / actionshave been completed. 


Present Perfect Tense using the type of "TO BE 3" and "VERB 3" TO BE 3 is: been (for more information, see the following table)

I	been
You
They
We
He
She
It

I	Have
You
They
We
He She It	Has

NOTE 

TO BE 3 (been) used as an element of a sentence no verb (NON VERB) For all types of sentences, whether positive, negative, or interrogative sentence in the Present Perfect Tense using the VERB 3 
Formulas and Example Sentence Present Perfect Tense 
Expressing the Present Perfect Tense sentence that uses the verb (VERB)

+	Subject + Have/Has + Verb 3 + Object
-	Subject + Have/Has + NOT + Verb 3 + Object
?	Have/Has + Subject + Verb 3 + Object?
?	Question Word + Have/Has + Subject + Verb 3 + Object?

Example :

+	I have lived here for 2 years.
-	I have not (haven't) lived here for 2 years.
?	Have you lived here for 2 years? Jawaban: Yes I have, atau I, have not (haven't)
?	Why Have you lived here for 2 years? Who has killed her father?

6.      Past perfect tense is a verb form that is used to declare that an actionhas been completed at some point in the past before another actionoccurs. Action which has been completed in the past it may occur repeatedly or only once. In addition, the past perfect tense can also be used to establish if the type 3 conditionals and reported speech. 


The formula Past Perfect Tense 
  Past perfect tense is formed with the auxiliary verb "had", and thepast participle (verb-3)​​. Had used for both singular and pluralsubjects. While past participle can be either regular or irregular verb. 

Thus the formula of past perfect tense for the sentence are positive,negative, and interrogative is as follows.

Kalimat	Rumus Past Perfect Tense	Contoh Past Perfect Tense
positif (+)	S + had + Verb-3/past participle	My brother had slept
		They had come
negatif (-)	S + had + not + Verb-3/past participle	My brother hadn’t slept
		They hadn’t come
interogatif(?)	had + S + Verb-3/past participle	Had my brother come
		Had they come

CAUSATIVE VERBS
      Causative verb is a verb that is used to indicate that the subject is notdirectly responsible for the action that occurred, but someone or something else that is doing the action. 

Functions & Formulas Causative Verbs 
Causative verb phrase is divided into two kinds, namely active (active) andpassive (passive). In active sentences causative verb, an agent who worked on the action are known. In contrast, the causative verb passive sentence,the agent is usually not mentioned. 
Let, make, have, and get a causative verb in common use, there is an actionthat uses the bare infinitive verb form (infinitive without to) and some are tothe infinitive. 
Examples of Causative Verbs: Active and Passive 
Some examples of causative verbs in the active and passive structure is as follows.

Rumus	Verbs	Contoh Causative Verbs
Active Causative Verbs	have-had	Lala had her friend take her result test.
		The student had the teacher speak slowly.
	get-got	She got her parents to buy her a tennis racket.
		The boy got his cat to chase a mouse.
	make-made	The woman made her daughter eat up the tomatoes.
		The manager makes her staff work hard.
	let	My father lets me choose my own future carrier.
		The shepherd lets his sheep graze in the meadow.
Passive Causative Verbs	have-had	I had my house renovated last week.
		He had his book returned as soon as possible
	get-got	Teddy got the money saved in the bank.
		Yulia got her bedroom cleaned

RELATIVE PRONOUNS
A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a relative clause. It is called a "relative" pronoun because it "relates" to the word that its relative clause modifies. Here is an example:

• The person who phoned me last night is my teacher.

In the above example, "who":

• relates to "The person", which "who phoned me last night" modifies
• introduces the relative clause "who phoned me last night"

There are five relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that*
Who (subject) and whom (object) are generally only for people. Whose is for possession. Which is for things. That can be used for things and people only in defining relative clauses (clauses that are essential to the sentence and do not simply add extra information)**.

Relative pronouns can refer to singular or plural, and there is no difference between male and female.

Look at these examples showing defining and non-defining relative clauses:

	example sentences S=subject, O=object, P=possessive		notes
defining relative clauses	S	- The person who phoned me last night is my teacher. - The person that phoned me last night is my teacher.	That is preferable
		- The car which hit me was yellow. - The car that hit me was yellow.	That is preferable
	O	- The person whom I phoned last night is my teacher. - The people who I phoned last night are my teachers. - The person that I phoned last night is my teacher. - The person I phoned last night is my teacher.	Whom is correct but formal. The relative pronoun is optional.
		- The car which I drive is old. - The car that I drive is old. - The car I drive is old.	That is preferable to which. The relative pronoun is optional.
	P	- The student whose phone just rang should stand up. - Students whose parents are wealthy pay extra.
		- The police are looking for the carwhose driver was masked.- The police are looking for the car of which the driver was masked.	Whose can be used with things. Of which is also possible.
non-defining relative clauses	S	- Mrs Pratt, who is very kind, is my teacher.
		- The car, which was a taxi, exploded. - The cars, which were taxis, exploded.
	O	- Mrs Pratt, whom I like very much, is my teacher. - Mrs Pratt, who I like very much, is my teacher.	Whom is correct but formal. Who is common in spoken English and informal written English.
		- The car, which I was driving at the time, suddenly caught fire.
	P	- My brother, whose phone you just heard, is a doctor.
		- The car, whose driver jumped out just before the accident, was completely destroyed. - The car, the driver of which jumped out just before the accident, was completely destroyed.	Whose can be used with things. Of which is also possible.

http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/pronouns-relative.htm

http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/passive.htm